LEADERSHIP STYLE OF NEHEMIAH: A BIBLICAL VIEW, VERSUS OTHER PERSPECTIVES, EXEMPLIFIED IN THE WORKS OF STEVEN COVEY AND JOHN MAXWELL.
By
Prof. Osaren Emokpae
The Visitor,
ED-John College of Theology and Leadership Studies, Ikorodu, Lagos.
Abstract
This article explores the leadership style of Nehemiah as depicted in the Biblical text, particularly in the Book of Nehemiah. By analyzing his approach to leadership in contrast with other leadership styles, this paper aims to highlight the unique characteristics that define Nehemiah’s leadership. It will also draw parallels with contemporary leadership theories and practices, providing a comprehensive understanding of effective leadership.
1.0. Introduction
Leadership is a significant theme throughout the Bible, with various figures exemplifying different styles and approaches. Among these, Nehemiah stands out as a model of effective leadership. His story, primarily found in the Book of Nehemiah, illustrates a leadership style characterized by vision, prayer, collaboration, humility, resilience, and authenticity. This paper will examine Nehemiah’s leadership style and compare it with other recognized leadership styles, such as transformational, transactional, and servant leadership.
2.0. Nehemiah’s Leadership Style
2.1. Visionary Leadership
Nehemiah’s leadership is marked by a clear and compelling vision. Upon hearing about the desolation of Jerusalem, he was moved to action. Nehemiah 1:4-11 (NIV) depicts
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his deep concern for his homeland, leading him to pray and seek God’s guidance. His vision was not merely about rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem; it encompassed restoring the community and re-establishing their identity as God’s chosen people.
2.2. Prayer and Dependence on God
Central to Nehemiah’s leadership was his confession of sin and reliance on prayer. Throughout the narrative, he is depicted as a man of prayer, seeking divine assistance before making significant decisions (Nehemiah 2:4-5). This reliance on God reflects a leadership style that emphasizes humility and recognition of a higher authority, contrasting sharply with more secular leadership models that prioritize human capabilities, strategies, and charisma.
2.3. Collaborative Leadership
Nehemiah exemplified collaborative leadership by involving others in the rebuilding process. He organized the people into groups, assigning specific tasks based on their skills (Nehemiah 3). This approach not only fostered a sense of community but also empowered individuals to take ownership of their contributions. Nehemiah’s ability to unite diverse groups towards a common goal showcases his skill in building consensus and teamwork.
2.4. Resilience and Perseverance
Nehemiah’s leadership was also characterized by resilience in the face of opposition. When confronted with threats and discouragement from adversaries (Nehemiah 4:1-3), he remained steadfast and encouraged the people to continue their work. His determination to complete the wall despite challenges reflects a leadership style that values perseverance and commitment to the vision.
3.0. Comparison with Other Leadership Styles
3.1. Transformational Leadership
Transformational leadership, as defined by Bass (1985), involves inspiring and motivating followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes. Nehemiah’s leadership aligns with this style through his ability to inspire the Israelites to rebuild their city. His vision
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and passion for Jerusalem motivated the people to rise above their fears and work together. However, unlike some transformational leaders who may rely heavily on charisma, Nehemiah’s strength lay in his prayerful dependence on God and his collaborative approach.
3.2. Transactional Leadership
Transactional leadership focuses on the exchanges between leaders and followers, often involving rewards and punishments (Burns, 1978). Nehemiah did employ elements of transactional leadership by establishing roles and responsibilities among the workers. However, his leadership transcended mere transactions; it was rooted in a shared vision and collective purpose, emphasizing the spiritual and communal aspects of leadership.
3.3. Servant Leadership
Servant leadership, as articulated by Greenleaf (1970), prioritizes the needs of others and focuses on serving rather than commanding. Nehemiah’s leadership reflects this style through his concern for the welfare of his people. He not only led by example but also prioritized the needs of the community, ensuring that the rebuilding efforts addressed both physical and social needs (Nehemiah 5:14-19). His willingness to sacrifice personal comfort for the sake of others exemplifies the essence of servant leadership.
4.0. Leadership
Leadership is a critical component of organizational success. Various theorists have contributed to the understanding of leadership, among whom John Maxwell and Stephen Covey stand out. Maxwell’s Five Levels of Leadership provides a framework for understanding how leaders can grow and influence their teams, while Covey’s principles emphasize character and effectiveness in leadership.
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4.1. John Maxwell’s Five Levels of Leadership
John Maxwell’s Five Levels of Leadership is a model that describes the progression of leadership from basic positional authority to the highest level of influence. The five levels are:
i. Position (Level 1): This is the foundational level of leadership where individuals lead by virtue of their position. Authority is granted, but influence is limited. Maxwell (1993) states, “People follow you because they have to.”
ii. Permission (Level 2): At this level, leaders build relationships and gain trust. Influence is established through personal connections, and followers choose to follow because they want to. Maxwell (1993) emphasizes, “People follow you because they want to.”
iii. Production (Level 3): Leaders at this level are recognized for their ability to produce results. They inspire others to achieve goals and foster a productive environment. Maxwell (1993) notes, “People follow you because of what you have done for the organization.”
iv. People Development (Level 4): This level focuses on developing others into leaders. Leaders invest in their team, recognizing that success is achieved through empowering others. Maxwell (1993) asserts, “People follow you because of what you have done for them.”
v. Pinnacle (Level 5): The highest level of leadership is characterized by deep respect and admiration. Leaders at this level have a lasting impact on their organizations and the lives of others. Maxwell (1993) states, “People follow you because of who you are and what you represent.”
4.2. Stephen Covey’s view on Leadership
Stephen Covey, in his seminal work “The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People,” presents a holistic approach to leadership that emphasizes character and principles. Covey (1989) argues that effective leadership is rooted in integrity and ethical behavior. His views can be summarized in the following key principles:
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i. Be Proactive: Covey emphasizes the importance of taking initiative and responsibility for one’s actions. Leaders must act based on values rather than circumstances.
ii. Begin with the End in Mind: Effective leaders have a clear vision and goals. They understand the importance of aligning actions with long-term objectives.
iii. Put First Things First: Prioritization is crucial for effective leadership. Covey advocates for focusing on what is important rather than merely urgent.
iv. Think Win-Win: Covey promotes the idea of mutual benefit in relationships. Effective leaders seek solutions that are beneficial for all parties involved.
v. Seek First to Understand, Then to Be Understood: Communication is key in leadership. Leaders must listen actively to understand others’ perspectives before sharing their own.
vi. Synergize: Collaboration and teamwork are emphasized. Covey argues that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, and effective leaders harness the strengths of their teams.
vii. Sharpen the Saw: Continuous personal and professional development is essential. Leaders must invest in themselves to remain effective.
5.0. Conclusion
Nehemiah’s leadership style offers valuable insights into effective leadership principles that remain relevant today. His visionary approach, reliance on prayer, collaborative efforts, and resilience in adversity provide a model for contemporary leaders. While comparisons with other leadership styles reveal similarities and differences, Nehemiah’s unique blend of spiritual dependence and community-focused leadership sets him apart. As leaders navigate the complexities of modern challenges, the lessons from Nehemiah’s life serve as a timeless guide for effective and meaningful leadership.
Additionally, John Maxwell’s Five Levels of Leadership and Stephen Covey’s principles provide valuable insights into effective leadership. Maxwell’s model
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emphasizes the progression of influence, while Covey’s approach focuses on character and ethical behavior. Together, these theories underscore the importance of personal growth, relationships, and integrity in leadership.
Finally, Christian leaders would benefit from intersecting these three perspectives, particularly Pastors, General Overseers, Presidents, and ministers in faith-based institutions. It is crucial that these leaders first examine their unique circumstances and their organizations’ cultures before adopting a leadership framework that suits them.
References
- Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. Free Press.
- Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. Harper & Row.
- Covey, S. (1989). The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People. Free Press.
- Greenleaf, R. K. (1970). The Servant as Leader. Center for Applied Studies.
- Maxwell, J. (1993). The 5 Levels of Leadership: Proven Steps to Maximize Your Potential. Center Street.
- The Holy Bible, New International Version. (NIV).